中国外汇储备管理问题与改革建议
中国工商银行“外汇储备管理改革”课题组 (4)
The China’s Foreign Exchange Reserve Management and the Reform Proposals
The Study Group of the Reform of Foreign Exchange Reserve Management，ICBC (4) 国际银行盈利结构与管理架构考察及启示
中国工商银行城市金融研究所课题组 (12)
A Survey of the Profit Structure and Management Mode of International Banks and the Implications
The Study Group of Urban Finance Research Institute，ICBC (12)
金融消费者权益保护问题探析
张炜 (20)
An Analysis of the Protection of Financial Consumer’s Rights and Interests
ZHANG Wei (20)
中国工商银行与国际主要银行业绩和战略动向比较研究
邹新 辛华 (26)
A Comparative Study of Performance and Strategic Trends of ICBC and Main International Banks
ZOU Xin XIN Hua (26)
中国系统重要性银行的评价指标、评估与有效监管
肖璞 刘轶 鄢俊华 (34)
The Evaluation Indicators，Assessment and Effective Supervision of Chinese Systemically Important Banks
XIAO Pu LIU Yi YAN Jun-hua (34)
系统重要性金融机构监管改革对银行业的影响
汪杰东 (40)
The Impacts of the Supervison Reforms of Systemically Important Financial Institutions on Banking Sector
WANG Jie-dong (40)
信贷审批制度与不良贷款续扩的实验研究
刘 青 (45)
An Experimental Study of the Credit Screening System and Escalating Commitment of Non-Performing Loan
LIU Qing (45)
商业银行资源配置中的行业评价方法比较
胡召平 (53)
The Comparison of Industry Evaluation Methods in the Credit Resource Allocation of Commercial Banks
HU Zhao-ping (53)
商业银行抵销管理模式研究
朱耀稷 徐程兴 (60)
A Study of the Offsetting Management Mode of Commercial Bank
ZHU Yao-ji XU Cheng-xing (60)
竞争深化、信息成本与小企业信贷技术创新——民生银行“商贷通”的启示
高正平 赵建强 (66)
Competition Deepening, Information Costs and Technological Innovation of Small Enterprise Credits ——The Enlightenment of China Minsheng Bank’s Business-Loan-Pass
GAO Zheng-ping ZHAO Jian-qiang (66)
商业银行进入电子商务市场的战略与策略
张栋 (72)
The Strategy and Tactics of Commercial Banks Entering E-Commerce Market
ZHANG Dong (72)
中国外汇储备管理问题与改革建议
中国工商银行“外汇储备管理改革”课题组
［摘 要］ 自1994年外汇管理体制改革以来，中国国际收支大量盈余，外汇储备规模持续快速增长，稳居世界第一。虽然高额外汇储备为维护中国经济和金融安全提供了信心和保障，但在实际购买力、管理体制、运用主体和投资收益性等方面存在着许多问题。面对亟待改革的外汇储备管理和运用问题，学术界和实务界一直有着热烈争论，本文认为对此应进行全面客观的分析，并适当借鉴德国、日本和新加坡等国的外汇储备管理经验。本文建议应对外汇储备管理体系进行战略性调整，并不断研究和探索外汇储备投资多元化，充分发挥商业银行在外汇储备经营中的作用。
［关键词］ 外汇储备；外汇管理；汇率风险；商业银行
［Abstract］ Since the reform of foreign exchange management system in 1994, China achieves a large surplus of international payments, Chinese foreign exchange reserves grow continuously and rapidly and rank first steadily in the world. Though the large foreign exchange reserves provide confidence and guarantee for China’s economic and financial security, there are many problems in the real purchasing power, the management system, the user and the investment earning and so on. The scholars and the practitioners of foreign exchange management have continuously discussed the issues of the management and use of foreign exchange reserves. The paper argues that the issues shoud be analysed comprehensively and objectively and China should moderately learn the experience of foreign exchange reserves management of Germany, Japan, Singapore and some other countries. This paper proposes a strategic adjustment to the management system of foreign exchange reserves, to research and explore the investment diversification of currency reserves continuously and play the role of commercial bank in the operations of foreign exchange reserves.
［Key words］ foreign exchange reserve; foreign exchange management; exchange rate risk; commercial bank
国际银行盈利结构与管理架构考察及启示
中国工商银行城市金融研究所课题组
［摘 要］ 经过数十年的转型，以花旗、汇丰和渣打集团为代表的综合化金融集团基本形成了在全球多个市场同时开展多业务条线经营的盈利结构，以瑞士信贷为代表的专业化金融集团则形成了以投资银行和金融服务为重心的盈利模式，矩阵式管理已成为国际银行普遍采用的模式。国际同行的成功经验带给我们如下启示：构建以“客户”为中心、内涵丰富、形式清晰的业务架构；提升境外机构本地化竞争能力；构建“纵横平衡、条块结合”的管理架构；不断建立与完善一体化的激励考核机制、高度共享的资源配置机制；强化IT系统对盈利及管理架构改革的支持保障作用等。
［关键词］ 国际银行；盈利结构；管理架构；综合化经营；经营转型
［Abstract］ After decades of transition, the comprehensive financial group, represented by Citigroup, HSBC and Standard Chartered Group, has formed its basic profit structure for the operation of multiple businesses in global multiple markets at the same time. The specialized financial group, represented by Credit Suisse, has formed its profit mode that focuses on investment banking and financial services. The matrix management has become a mode widely used by international banks. The successful experience of international banks provides some implications for domestic commercial banks to form the new profit and management mode, which include: building a business structure that is focused on customers, rich in contents and has a clear form; enhancing the local competitiveness of overseas institutions; gradually building a management mode that integrates the vertical business management with the horizontal regional management, establishing and improving the integrated incentive and appraisal mechanism and the fully shareing mechanism of resource allocation; continuing to strengthen the support and security of IT systems to the reforms of profit structure and management mode.
［Key words］ international bank; profit structure; management mode; integrated operation; operation transition
金融消费者权益保护问题探析
张 炜
［摘 要］ 目前，中国对金融消费者保护尚未形成普遍共识，金融消费者保护法制建设相对滞后，还没有一部专门针对金融产品、服务与消费者权益保护问题的系统性法律，商业银行等金融机构缺乏消费者保护内在机制，尚未就金融消费者权益保护构建专门的体制、机制，消费者与金融机构之间信息不对称，金融消费者缺乏必要的金融知识，消费者投诉处理机制不健全。商业银行应该健全消费者权益保护机制，推动立法及监管部门完善相关法律制度，加强消费者信息安全保护工作，改进客户投诉管理工作，完善适当投资者评估机制，境外机构应遵循当地监管规定。
［关键词］ 金融；消费者；消费者权益；消费者权益保护
［Abstract］ At present, a general consensus on the protection of financial consumer’s rights and interests has not yet formed in China. The legal construction for the protection of financial consumer’s rights and interests is lagged behind and there is not a systemic law relating to financial products, services and the protection of financial consumer’s rights and interests. Commercial banks and other financial institutions lack the inherent mechanism to protect consumer and have not built special system and mechanism to protect financial consumer’s rights and interests. There is asymmetric information between consumers and financial institutions. Financial consumers lack necessary financial knowledge. The mechanism to handle consumer’s complaints is not perfect. Commercial banks should improve the mechanism to protect consumer’s rights and interests, promote legislative and regulatory authorities to improve the relevant legal system, strengthen the protection of consumer’s information security, improve the management of customer’s complaints, improve the mechanism to assess appropriate investors and overseas institutions should follow the local regulatory requirements.
［Key words］ finance; consumers; consumer’s rights and interests; protection of financial consumer’s rights and interests
中国工商银行与国际主要银行业绩和战略动向比较研究
邹 新 辛 华
［摘 要］ 2011年，国际主要大型银行经营状况及盈利增速整体不及市场预期，且欧美银行间的分化趋势有所扩大。其中，美国银行业的盈利情况保持平稳，但盈利增速显著下降；欧洲银行业受欧债危机冲击表现不佳，大多数银行的净利润均出现明显下滑。而中国工商银行2011年继续保持了全球盈利最多的上市银行地位，中国银行业整体良好的经营业绩反映出其在全球金融市场中地位的上升。未来，受欧债危机有可能继续蔓延及美国经济复苏不确定性依旧存在等因素影响，欧美主要银行普遍采取审慎、稳健的发展战略，力图进一步巩固经营基础，以有效地应对经营风险与挑战。
［关键词］ 欧美银行；工商银行；盈利增长；经营业绩；发展战略
［Abstract］ In 2011, the overall performance of the operation and profit growth of major international banks was not as good as the market expectations and the trend of the differentiation between European banks and American banks had expanded. The profit of American banking sector remained stable, but the growth rate of earnings decreased significantly. Impacted by the European debt crisis, the performance of European banking sector is not good and the net profits of most banks fall significantly. ICBC remained the position of world’s most profitable listed bank in 2011 and its good operation performance reflected the rising status of Chinese banking sector in the global financial markets. In the future, impacted by the factors that the European debt crisis may continue to spread and the uncertainty about the American economic recovery still exists, the major European and American banks will adopt a cautious, prudent development strategy, seek to strengthen operation foundation to deal with risks and challenges effectively.
［Key words］ European and American banks;ICBC; growth of earning; operation performance; development strategy
中国系统重要性银行的评价指标、评估与有效监管
肖 璞 刘 轶 鄢俊华
［摘 要］ 本文在巴塞尔委员会提出的系统重要性银行指标体系的基础上，结合中国银行业的特点及所处环境，构建了评价银行系统重要性的指标体系，并利用这些指标对中国16家上市银行的系统重要性进行了评估。评估结果显示：系统重要性银行排在第一梯队的是五大国有商业银行，第二梯队的是股份制商业银行，第三梯队的是城市商业银行。为实现有效的金融监管，监管部门应要求系统重要性银行提高抗风险能力与损失吸收能力，强化流动性风险监管，严格控制杠杆率，营造公平的市场竞争环境，建立有效的危机响应机制和处置程序。
［关键词］ 系统重要性银行；评价指标；有效金融监管；流动性风险
［Abstract］ On the basis of the indicators issued by Basel Committee and combining with the characteristics of Chinese banking sector and environment, this paper builds an index system to evaluate the systemic importance of banks and uses these indicators to assess the systemic importance of Chinese 16 listed banks. The results show that the five major state-owned commercial banks rank in the first tier of systemically important banks, the joint-stock commercial banks rank in the second tier and the city commercial banks rank in the third tier. In order to achieve effective financial supervision, the regulators should require systemically important banks to improve the ability to resist risk and absorb loss, strengthen the supervision of liquidity risk, strictly control the leverage ratio, create a market environment for fair competition, establish the effective response mechanism and disposal procedure of crisis.
［Key words］ systemically important bank; evaluation indicator; effective financial supervision; liquidity risk
系统重要性金融机构监管改革对银行业的影响
汪杰东
［摘 要］ 本文研究了国际、国内关于系统重要性金融机构的评估标准和监管要求，对中国银行业的影响和应对策略。为了增强系统性金融风险防范能力，有效促进中国商业银行健康发展，中国监管机构应结合国际准则和国内实际情况，探索建立适合中国国情的系统重要性银行监管新模式。中国商业银行，尤其是大型商业银行，应建立国际监管机构改革动向和国内监管要求的跟踪及应对机制，强化风险约束和资本约束的经营理念，优化资本结构，加强金融创新业务管理，增强金融风险防范水平，全面提升市场竞争能力。
［关键词］ 系统重要性金融机构；风险防范；监管制度；中国银行业；商业银行
［Abstract］ This paper researches the assessment criteria and regulatory requirements of the international and domestic systemically important financial institutions, the impacts on Chinese banking sector and the countermeasures. In order to enhance the ability to prevent systemic financial risks and effectively promote the healthy development of Chinese commercial banks, Chinese regulatory authorities should explore the establishment of a new, suitable for China, supervision mode for systemically important banks. Chinese commercial banks, especially large commercial banks, should establish a mechanisms for tracking and response to the reforms of international regulatory institutions and the domestic regulatory requirements, strengthen the concepts of risk constraints and capital constraints, optimize capital structure, strengthen the management of financial innovation business, improve the prevention of financial risks, enhance the overall market competitiveness.
［Key words］ systemically important financial institution; prevention of risk; regulatory system; Chinese banking sector; commercial bank
信贷审批制度与不良贷款续扩的实验研究
刘 青
［摘 要］ 本文从不良贷款续扩视角探讨中国不良贷款的成因，尤其是信贷审批制度与不良贷款的关系。结合中国信贷业务的实际情形，通过关于审批制度的情景实验，发现由于对贷款项目的认知和所需承担的责任不同，不同审批制度下不良贷款续扩程度有明显区别：信贷经理制下不良贷款续扩行为较为明显，实行贷审会制度可在一定程度上抑制这一倾向，但在从众压力和领导权威影响下，更容易出现不良贷款续扩行为，而专家权威的影响不显著。因此，必须完善贷审会制度，建立民主化的贷审会，推进信贷审批人资格考察，培养并使用专业信贷审批人。
［关键词］ 不良贷款；不良贷款续扩； 信贷； 信贷审批制度
［Abstract］ From the perspective of the escalating commitment of non-performing loan, this paper researches the causes of China’s non-performing loans, especially the the relationship of credit screening system and non-performing loan. Based on the actual situation of China’s credit business and the role-playing experiment on credit screening system, the paper finds that, because the identification and liability for credit item vary in different screening system, the degree of the escalating commitment of non-performing loan varies significantly: the behavior of escalating commitment is more obvious under the credit manager system and the credit screening committee system can mitigate the escalating commitment of non-performing loan to some extent, but the behavior of escalating commitment of non-performing loan is more possible under the influence of conformity-majority pressure and leadership authority and the influence of expert authority is not significant. Therefore, we should improve the credit screening committee system, set up a democratic screening committee, promote the inspection of credit approver’s qualification, train and employ professional credit approvers.
［Key words］ non-performing loan; escalating commitment of non-performing loan; credit; credit screening system
商业银行资源配置中的行业评价方法比较
胡召平
［摘 要］ 本文重点比较了因子分析法和熵权法在商业银行行业评价中的运用，通过这两种方法来对制造业下属30个子行业进行评价分析，得到各个子行业的综合得分和排名。研究发现，因子分析法和熵权法尽管在原理上不尽相同，但是最后的评价结果却显现出很好的一致性。在商业银行信贷资源行业配置的过程中，因子分析法和熵权法具有广阔的应用前景，两者都能够对行业做出客观的评价。因子分析法可以对所选评价指标进行归类，熵权法可以对行业的优劣差异做出更加精确的判断，两者能够起到相互佐证的作用。
［关键词］ 商业银行；信贷资源配置；行业评价；因子分析法；熵权法
［Abstract］ This paper focuses on the comparison of the factor analysis method and entropy-weight method applied in the industry evaluation of commercial banks. With the two methods, the paper evaluates and analyses the 30 sub-industry of manufacturing sector and gains the composite scores and ranking of the various sub-sectors. We find that the factor analysis method and entropy-weight method are not the same in principle, but the final results of the evaluation have revealed a good consistency. The factor analysis method and entropy-weight method have broad application prospects in the credit resource allocation of commercial banks and they both can make an objective evaluation of the industry. The factor analysis method can classify the selected evaluation indicators and the entropy-weight method can make more accurate judgments of the pros and cons of the industry. They both can play the roles of mutual corroboration.
［Key words］ commercial bank; credit resource allocation; industry evaluation; factor analysis method; entropy-weight method
商业银行抵销管理模式研究
朱耀稷 徐程兴
［摘 要］ 抵销作为银行主动管理风险、积极维护债权、提供优质服务的有效工具，在当前的社会、经济、法律背景下研究推广具有特别的现实意义。基于抵销理论探索和国内大型商业银行抵销管理经验，本文研究了国内商业银行抵销管理模式。该模式包括四大关键要素，即建立完备的抵销法律制度平台，建立高效的抵销信息管理平台，建立监控检查与培训宣传的支持机制，建立调查、研究与闭环管理的发展机制。在该模式下，商业银行能够系统化、高效率、可持续行使抵销权，维护自身合法权益，进而推动实现“诚信友爱”的和谐社会。
［关键词］ 商业银行；抵销管理模式；抵销权；贷后风险管理
［Abstract］ Offsetting is an effective tool for banks to manage risk proactively, protect claims actively and provide high quality service. It is practically significant to research and promote the offsetting in the current social, economic and legal backgrounds. Based on the theoretical exploration and the experience of the offsetting management of domestic large commercial banks, this paper research the offsetting management mode of commercial bank. The mode consists of four key elements, namely the establishment of a complete legal system platform for offsetting, the establishment of an efficient platform for the management of offsetting information, the establishment of the support mechanism for monitoring, inspection, training and propaganda, the establishment of the development mechanism for investigation，study and closed-loop managemen. In this mode, the commercial banks can systemically, efficiently, sustainably exercise their own powers of offsetting, protect their own legitimate rights and interests, thus promote the realization of an honest, friendly and harmonious society.
［Key words］ commercial bank; offsetting management mode; power of offsetting; risk management of loan
竞争深化、信息成本与小企业信贷技术创新——民生银行“商贷通”的启示
高正平 赵建强
［摘 要］ 中国部分商业银行在小企业信贷市场依靠信息的搜集和生产技术创新取得了成功。与依赖于软信息的关系型信贷技术不同，它们创新出的小企业信贷技术对硬信息和软信息有着相对均衡的生产效率。民生银行“商贷通”的成功主要在于借行业规划、批量开发实现同质信息的低成本生产，基于社区的信息生产和交叉验证技术，防范道德风险的低成本担保方式。其对创新小企业信贷技术的启示如下：观念转变是创新小企业信贷技术的有效动力；银行在信贷技术、工作流程、风险管理、金融创新等方面需做出调整；有效降低信息成本是此类信贷技术应用的关键因素。
［关键词］ 小企业；信贷配给；竞争深化；信息成本；信贷技术
［Abstract］ By the search for information and the innovation of production technology, some of China’s commercial banks succeed in small enterprise credit market. These banks do not rely on their soft information, i.e. the technology of relationship lending, and have innovated the technology of small enterprise credits that has a relatively balanced production efficiency in hard information and soft information. The main reasons of China Minsheng Bank’s success in Business-Loan-Pass are the low-cost production of homogeneous information based on industry planning and large-scale development, the information production and cross-verification technology based on community, the low-cost guarantee to prevent moral hazard. The enlightenment of Business-Loan-Pass is that changing idea is the effective power to innovate the technology of small enterprise credit; banks should adjust credit technology, work process, risk management, financial innovation and so on; the effective decrease of information cost is the key factor to apply the credit technology.
［Key words］ small enterprise; credit rationing; competition deepening; information cost; credit technology
商业银行进入电子商务市场的战略与策略
张 栋
［摘 要］ 在中国的电子商务市场，商业银行与第三方支付平台正由起初的双方有限合作发展到目前的商业银行全面介入演变。在B2B、B2C、C2C三大目标市场，商业银行面临的优势、劣势、机会、威胁各有差异，因而选择的进入战略也各有不同。商业银行与第三方支付平台及银行同业展开博弈，宜采取品牌策略、宣传策略、差异化策略、联合策略、联盟策略等，坚持以客户为中心，树立“大服务”理念，延伸银企服务范围，巩固客户使用习惯，加快客户服务模式及经营模式的转型，从而走出“产品+服务”的新型发展道路。
［关键词］ 电子商务；商业银行；第三方支付平台
［Abstract］ In China’s e-commerce market, the initial limited cooperation between the commercial banks and the third-party payment platform has developed into commercial bank’s full involvement in the evolution of the platform. In three target markets, B2B, B2C and C2C, the strength, weakness,opportunity and threat faced by commercial banks vary from one to another and thus the entry strategy chosen by commercial banks should not be the same. Gaming with the third-party payment platform and the other bank, commercial banks should adopt brand tactics, promotional tactics, differentiation tactics, joint tactics, alliance tactics, etc. and adhere to customer-centric, establish the concept of large-scope services, extend the range of bank serving enterprise, consolidate customer’s habits to use the platform, speed up the model transformation of customer service and business, thus, open a new development way based on products and services.
［Key words］ e-commerce; commercial bank; third-party payment platform